http://docs.python.org/tutorial/introduction.html

interpreter:
	python (alias py)

location: /usr/bin/python

cli:
	import sys
	sys.argv[i]

io:
	print
	read: ok = raw_input(prompt)

execution:
	python file.py <args>
	as script file:
		file.py (chmod)
		#! /usr/bin/env python
		encoding: # -*- coding: iso-8859-15 -*-
	if __name__ == "__main__":
		import sys
		fib(int(sys.argv[1]))

compile:
	python -O compiles imported modules (don't run faster, only load faster)

execute bash: http://linux.byexamples.com/archives/366/python-how-to-run-a-command-line-within-python/
	import os
	file = os.popen("ls -l")
	fi,fo,fe = os.popen3("ls -l")
	also check the subprocess module

boolean operators:
	=, in, not in, is (compares objects), is not, and or, not
	chainable, no assignment possible

startup file: $PYTHONSTARTUP=/home/nicolamr/.pythonrc.py
	included only when python without arguments

variables:
	a = 12, b = "asd", c = 'asd', d = """ multiline """
	e = r"asdf\niasd" is raw, does not convert \n to new line
	a = b = 1
	a = complex(0,1), a.real, a.imag
	abs(a), round(_,2)
	must be defined
	concat: +, string mult: *, string index: a[4] a[2:3] a[:3]
		a[-1] a[-2:] a[:-2], len(a)
	unicode: u'Hello\u0020World!' (other stuff in the tutorial)

strings:
	strings are immutable
	implode/join: ', '.join(['hello', 'world']);
	explode: string.split(sep)
	"string {0} {1} {other} {!r}".format(a,b,other=c,math.pi)
		{i:10} makes field min 10 wide
		{i[j]} accesses dictionaries
	repr().rjust() zfill
	integer to string: str(integer)
	check type: type(var) == int
	str_replace: s.replace(search, replace)

lists:
	python's arrays
	a = ['asd', 1]
	a[index], 3*a+b
	copy: a[:]
	a[2:3] = [some other list], a[:] = []
	length: len
	a=[1, [2,3]], a[1][1]
	append(1) extend(L) insert(i,x) remove(x) pop([i]) popleft()
	index(x) sort() reverse()
	count(x)
	list comprehensions: [x+y for x in vec1 for y in vec2]
		can be nested

dictionary:
	d = {"key": "value"}
	dict(key=value, key2=value2)
	clear, copy, setdefault, update, pop, get, has_key, keys, values

control structures:
	expressions:
		a in ('a', 'b', 'c')
	while expr:
		code (pass, break)
	if expr:
		code
	elif expr:
		code
	else
		code
	iteration/for loop:
		for x in range(start, end[, step])
			goes up to end-1
			or range(len(a))
			body: use pass, break
		for x in list
		for i,v in dict.iteritems():
		for i, v in enumerate(list):
		for q, a in zip(list1, list2):
		for i in reversed(list):
		for f in sorted(list):
		else:
			nobreakcode

functions:
	def fcname(arg1, arg2=default):
		"""documentationstring"""
		help/function info: func.__doc__
		code
	return result or returns None
	default can be expr, but evaluated only once (but mutables are not cloned) 
	can call fcname(val, arg1=val) !!!
	dictionary: fnc(a, *args, **keywords):
	unpack arguments: fnc(*[all args])
	vars() returns dict with all local vars
	lambda forms: return instant functions:
		lambda x: x + n
		limited to a single expression

coding style:
	4-spaces no tabs
	max 79 chars per line
	blank lines to separate
	comments on own line
	use docstrings
	spaces around operators and after commas
	ClassNames function_names
	first method argument: self

static:
	static var:
		define outside methods
	static method:
		@staticmethod
		def mname(args)
	class method:
		@classmethod
		def mname(class, args)

functional programming:
	filter(func, sequence)
	map(function,sequence)
	reduce(function, sequence)

del a[i], del a

tuples: (a,b,c)
	a = 1,2,3
	empty = ()
	oneelem = a,
	x,y,z = 1,2,3 (packing/unpacking)

sets:
	a=set(seq)
	'x' in a is a boolean
	a-b, a|b, a&b, a^b

modules:
	import modname
	modname.func
	modname.__name__ normally modname, when executed: __main__
	from mod.name or . or .. or ..modname import func, func2 or *
	dir(module) returns defined names
		sys (ps1, ps2, path)
	packages: dotted.modules

files/open file:
	f = open('path', 'w') or 'r' or 'r+' or 'a' for append
		in some case file = codecs.open('path', 'w', 'utf-8')
	get all contents: f.read()
	readline() \n left .write(string) .write(str(nostring))
	readlines()
	iterate: for l in f.readlines()
	seek(offset,from_what) .close()
	closes file automatically

errors: syntax, exceptions
	try:
		code
		break
	except ValueError:
	except (E1,E2,E3):
	except Exception as inst:
		pass
	else
		if no exception
	finally:	
		always
	raise Exception(args)
	can make own exc classes

objects:
	get all fields/get all functions: dir(obj)

classes:
	class ClassName(BaseClass):
		"""docstring"""
		var = value
		def __init__(self):
			self.var =sth
		def f(self):
			return 'hello world'
	instantiate/new: x = MyClass()
	x = C.f
	can call x()
	isinstance(obj, ClassName)
	issubclass(Class1, Class2)
	can write to any field!	
	for iteration:
		implement iter() which return iterator that defines next()
		and raises StopIteration
		def __iter__(self):
			return self
		def nex(self):
			if self.index == 0:
				raise StopIteration
			self.index = self.index -1
			return self.data[self.index]
		generator: generates iterator
		def reverse(data):
			for index in range(len(data)-1, -1, -1):
				yield data[index]
	serialize: pickle
	null: None

plone:
	cms
	sudo apt-get install libssl-dev
	sudo install.sh --with-python=/usr/bin/python zeo
	/usr/local/Plone
	instance: zeocluster
	user: plone
	admin, q4o1YMIa /usr/local/Plone/zeocluster/adminPassword.txt
	users: http://localhost:8080/acl_users/users/manage_users
	/usr/local/Plone/zeocluster/buildout.cfg
	update: sudo -u plone bin/buildout
	start: sudo -u plone /usr/local/Plone/zeocluster/bin/plonectl start
	stop: sudo -u plone /usr/local/Plone/zeocluster/bin/plonectl stop
	http://localhost:8080/

gui: wxPython
	ressources:
		http://www.wxpython.org/
		http://wiki.wxpython.org/How%20to%20Learn%20wxPython
		http://wiki.wxpython.org/Getting%20Started
		the demos are soo cool! http://sourceforge.net/projects/wxpython/files/wxPython/2.8.12.0/wxPython-demo-2.8.12.0.tar.bz2/download
	installed python-wxgtk2.8
	basic:
		import wx
		app = wx.App(<+ bool: redirect stdout to a window? +>) 
		frame = wx.Frame(<+Parent+>, <+ID:wx.ID_ANY+>, <+Title+>)
		frame.Show(True)
		app.MainLoop() # handles events
	window: wx.Frame
		inherit from it
		__init__/parent:	
			def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
				wx.Frame.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
				# construct the frame here
		content: self.control = <+widget+>
		self.Show(True)
		self.Close(True)
	components/widgets: -> wx.Control -> wx.Window
		text box: wx.TextCtrl(self, style=wx.TE_MULTILINE)
			tb.SetValue(<+value+>)
	static text: wx.StaticText
		wx.TextCtrl
			events: EVT_TEXT (text changes), EVT_CHAR (key pressed)
		wx.ComboBox
			event: EVT_COMBOBOX
		wx.CheckBox
		wx.RadioBox
		panel: wx.Panel
			container
		menu:
			m = wx.Menu()
			menuitem = m.Append(<+id+>, <+name+>, <+descr+>)
				standard ids: wx.ID_ABOUT, wx.ID_EXIT, ... http://docs.wxwidgets.org/stable/wx_stdevtid.html
				names: "&About", ...
				bind: frame.Bind(wx.EVT_MENU, frame.OnAbout, m)
			m.AppendSeparator()
			menu bar:
				mb = wx.MenuBar()
				mb.Appen(m,"&File")
				frame.setMenuBar(<+MenuBar+>)
		status bar:
			frame.CreateStatusBar()
	element layout:
		possibilities: manual positoning via pixel coordinate, wx.LayoutConstraints, LayoutAnchors, wxSizer
		sizers: wx.Sizer
			sizers are not the parent windows
			box: s = wx.BoxSizer(wx.VERTICAL/HORIZONTAL)
				s.Add(<+control+>, <+weight+>, wx.EXPAND/SHAPED)
				weight: proportion to others,
					0: won't grow, third parameter can be wx.ALIGN_CENTER_HORIZONZAL/VERTICAL/CENTER/LEFT/TOP/RIGHT/BOTTOM (combinations with |)
			grid: wx.GridSizer, wx.FlexGridSizer
			frame sizer:
				frame.SetSizer(s)
				frame.SetAutoLayout(true)
				s.Fit(frame)
	event handling:
		Frame::Bind(<+event+>, <+handler+>, <+object+>)
		events: http://wiki.wxpython.org/ListOfEvents
		handler: handler(self(::Frame), <+event:wx.Event+>)
			call it OnEvent
		skip: event.Skip()
		shortcuts:
			see demo/KeyEvents.py
			http://www.blog.pythonlibrary.org/2010/12/02/wxpython-keyboard-shortcuts-accelerators/
	dialogs:
		message:
			d = wx.MessageDialog(self, <+title+>, <+content+>, wx.OK)
			d.ShowModal()
			d.Destroy()
		file open:
			d = wx.FileDialog(self, <+title+>, self.dirname, "", "*.*", wx.OPEN)
			if d.ShowModal() == wx.ID_OK:
				self.filename = d.GetFilename()
				self.dirname = d.GetDirectory()
				f = open(os.path.join(self.dirname, self.filename), 'r')
				self.control.SetValue(f.read())
				f.close()
			d.Destroy()
	toolbars:
		wx.ToolBar
	drag and drop:
	mdi:
	tabs:
	find/replace:
	print:
	macro:
	validators: wx.Validator
	notebook:
	drawing
	sliders
	wxXmlResource
	debugging:
		redirect output with parameters redirect and filename
		normal: MyApp()
		to console: MyApp(0)
		to file: MyApp(1, <+filename+>)
	calendar:
		wx.lib.calendar
		http://www.wxpython.org/docs/api/wx.lib.calendar-module.html

date/time:
	import time
	import datetime	
	date:
		datetime.date(year, month, day)
		today() == date.fromtimestamp(time.time())
		fromtimestamp(timestamp)
		year/month/day
		ops:
			date +/- timedelta
			timedelta = date1 - date2
			date1 < date2
		weekday() (mo=0)
		isoformat
		formatted date: strftime(format)
			http://docs.python.org/library/datetime.html#strftime-strptime-behavior
			wday: %a, %A
			mon: %b, %B, %m
			datetime: %c
			mday: %d
			ms: %f
			h: %H, %I
			yday: %j
			min: %M
			am/pm: %p
			s: %S
			wnum: %W
			date: %x
			time: %X
			year: %y, %Y
			utc offset: %z
			time zone: %Z
			%: %%
	time:
	datetime:
		parse utf
			date = datetime.datetime.strptime("2004-06-03T00:44:35", "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S")
			note: not necessary for data fetched via mysql as it is already a datetime object!
	timedelta:
		datetime.timedelta(days, ...)
	tzinfo:

xml:
	sax: import xml.sax
	dom:
		import xml.dom.minidom
		read:
			from xml.dom.minidom import Node
			doc = xml.dom.minidom.parse("doc.xml")
				or parseString
			documentElement
			for node in doc.getElementsByTagName(<+tagname+>):
			node.getAttribute(<+attr+>)
			node.childNodes
			if node.nodeType == Node.TEXT_MODE
				node.data
			tagName
			unlink
			parentNode
		write:
			writexml(writer)
			toxml()
			toprettyxml()
			doc = Document()
			doc.createElement(name)
			appendChild(element)
			removeChild(child)
			doc.createTextNode(data)
			setAttribute(?)

mysql:
	import MySQLdb
	conn = MySQLdb.connect(host="localhost", user="user", passwd="pw", db="db", charset="utf8", use_unicode = True)
		credits: http://www.harelmalka.com/?p=81
		but not always necessary?! don't understand encodings...
	c = conn.cursor()
	c.execute(query)
	last executed query: c._executed
	for record in c.fetchall()
	conn.commit() in the end!
	injection: use execute("where bla=%s and asd=%s", (param1, param2))

flask: web framework
	wrapper for werkzeug: http://werkzeug.pocoo.org

command line client:
	http://www.doughellmann.com/PyMOTW/cmd/
	http://docs.python.org/library/cmd.html

curl/pycurl:
	http://pycurl.sourceforge.net/doc/curlobject.html
	http://curl.haxx.se/libcurl/c/curl_easy_setopt.html
	import pycurl
	c = pycurl.Curl()
		close()
		setopt(opt, val)
		perform()
		getinfo(opt)
	options:
		c.setopt(POSTFIELDS, "key=value")
	example
		c.setopt(pycurl.URL, "http://www.python.org/")
		c.setopt(pycurl.HTTPHEADER, ["Accept:"])
		import StringIO
		b = StringIO.StringIO()
		c.setopt(pycurl.WRITEFUNCTION, b.write)
		c.setopt(pycurl.FOLLOWLOCATION, 1)
		c.setopt(pycurl.MAXREDIRS, 5)
		c.perform()
		print b.getvalue()

md5:
	import hashlib
	hashlib.sha224('string').hexdigest()